Sudah bukan rahasia lagi bahwa bahasa Inggris tidaklah mudah untuk dipelajari. Sistem ejaan gila yang lebih didasarkan pada etimologi daripada makna, soal sinonim mana yang akan digunakan dimana, cara penekanan kata-kata berbeda dalam kalimat mengubah arti frasa, dan konjugasi kata kerja tak beraturan hanyalah beberapa keanehan yang menjadikan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa kedua yang sulit. Sebagai penutur bahasa Inggris asli, kita menerima ketakberaturan tersebut di bawah sadar. Kita belajar dari usia dini bahwa bentuk jamak dari "goose" adalah "geese" namun bentuk jamak "moose" tidak akan pernah bisa menjadi "meese". Dan kita bisa menerimanya, meskipun kita tahu bahwa bagian-bagian dari bahasa kita tidak benar-benar masuk akal.
Namun bahasa Inggris sebenarnya lebih logis daripada yang Anda kira. Yang diperlukan adalah melihat kembali asal usul bahasa tersebut, dan kepingan-kepingannya mulai menyatu.
Sejarah Singkat Bahasa Inggris
Bahasa Inggris memiliki sejarah yang kaya dan menarik. Bahasa Inggris telah berkembang terus menerus sejak permulaannya di abad ke-5 Sesudah Masehi hingga penggunaan modern pada postingan blog, pemasaran konten, dan slang internet. Bahasa Inggris menambahkan kata-kata dan frasa baru setiap tahun, mengubah makna kata-kata untuk lebih menyesuaikan dengan masyarakat modern, dan sekaligus mengurangi kata-kata dan frasa lainnya. Ketika dimulai, bahasa Inggris tidak nampak seperti bahasa yang kita bicarakan sekarang ini.
Bahasa Inggris Kuno
Bahasa Inggris Kuno dimulai dalam bentuk tertuanya dengan migrasi beberapa suku Jermanik (Angle, Saxon, Jute) dari Eropa ke Britania di abad ke-5. Orang Britania pada saat itu berbicara bahasa Celtic, namun dengan kedatangan bahasa Jermanik, bahasa Celtik tergeser dengan cepat. Oleh Penaklukan Bangsa Normandia di tahun 1066, bahasa Latin, Nordik Kuno, dan Anglo Saxon semuanya dicampuraduk untuk menciptakan bahasa baru yang terdiri dari "kata-kata pinjaman". Penaklukan tersebut memberikan bahasa baru tersebut kata-kata Perancis.
Bahasa Inggris Kuno bisa saja lenyap dengan begitu mudahnya seperti halnya bahasa kuno lainnya. Setiap kali kerajaan ditaklukkan oleh negara asing, bahasa lamanya dengan cepat digeser oleh bahasa negara penakluk tersebut. Namun bahasa Inggris tidak mengalah pada salah satu penakluknya - malahan bahasa Inggris beradaptasi. Bahasa Inggris menerima dengan baik kata-kata dan struktur baru, dan sehingga bukannya melemah, bahasa Inggris menjadi lebih kuat.
Bahasa Inggris Pertengahan
Bahasa Inggris menjadi bahasa nasional Britania lagi setelah kembali bertahtanya monarki berbahasa Inggris, Raja Henry ke-IV, di abada ke-14. Bahasa Inggris Kuno tidak nampak seperti apa yang kita bicarakan sekarang ini, namun banyak kata-kata dalam bahasa Inggris pertengahan yang dapat dikenali. Kaum cendekiawan tidak sepakat mengenai tanggal persisnya untuk era ini, namun sebagian besar berpendapat kira-kira tahun 1150-1500. Para penulis seperti Chaucer dan John Gower menulis dalam bahasa Inggris pertengahan, dan selama masa ini Wycliffe menerjemahkan Alkitab kedalam bahasa Inggris untuk pertama kalinya. Terdapat sejumlah dialek lokal, dan kata-kata dari bahasa lain (seperti bahasa Perancis) seringkali dipakai secara rutin dengan bahasa Inggris berbasis bahasa Latin. Ejaan sedikit dimantapkan dalam era ini.
Bahasa Inggris Modern
Para cendekiawan memperkirakan awal bahasa Inggris modern adalah tahun 1500, di sekitar pertengahan Pergeseran Vokal Besar yang berlangsung dari abad ke-15 - 18. Bahasa Inggris tentu saja dulunya jauh berbeda 500 tahun yang lalu daripada cara kita berbicara sekarang ini. Namun karya tulis dari era tersebut seperti drama Shakespreare dan Alkitab Raja James, sepenuhnya dapat dikenali (sekalipun "kuno", meskipun tentu saja tidak kuno dibandingkan dengan bahasa Jermanik abad ke-5)..
Bahasa Inggris Modern telah berkembang secara kebahasaan. Bahasa Inggris Modern seringkali dipisahkan menjadi "Periode Modern Awal" (1500-1800) dan "Periode Modern Akhir" (1800-sekarang). Dan bahasa Inggris terus menerus berkembang. Jika Anda adalah seorang bloger internet, Anda akan menulis jauh lebih berbeda daripada jika Anda bekerja di Vancouver sebagai pengacara cedera pribadi. Anda akan menggunakan kata-kata slang di Wilayah Selatan daripada jika Anda dibesarkan di Amerika Serikat Bagian Utara. Bahasa Inggris Britania dan bahasa Inggris Amerika memiliki berbagai perbedaan, dan tidak hanya dalam cara membentuk vokalnya.
Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Lain
Bahasa Inggris telah meminjam kata-kata dari terlalu banyak bahasa untuk disebutkan di sini, namun daftar singkatnya adalah sebagai berikut: Albania, Balti, Bengali, Kanton, Kroasia, Yunani, Mandarin, Punik, Swahili, Yiddish, Ukrania, dan tentu saja Perancis, Latin dan Jerman.
Sebagian besar kata-kata bahasa Inggris berasal dari bahasa berbasis bahasa Latin. Itulah sebabnya penutur bahasa Inggris lebih mudah mempelajari bahasa Spanyol atau bahasa Perancis daripada mempelajari bahasa Korea atau Jepang (meskipun bahasa Inggris telah meminjam dari mereka juga). Sebaliknya, orang-orang Eropa merasa lebih mudah untuk menerima bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa kedua daripada orang-orang yang berbicara bahasa Asia.
Namun mempelajari bahasa asing mungkin hanya langkah pertama Anda untuk memahami dengan lebih baik mengapa bahasa Inggris seperti itu adanya. Anda akan melihat kemiripan dengan bahasa Inggris dalam bahasa berbasis bahasa Latin yang Anda pelajari, dan semakin banyak Anda menyerap kosakata, struktur, dan tata bahasa bahasa lain, semakin jauh Anda melihat darimana bahasa Inggris mendapatkan semua aturan gilanya.
Lagipula, bahasa Inggris bukan benar-benar bahasanya sendiri. Bahasa Inggris bisa disebut "bahasa dunia" oleh sebagian orang, dan tentu saja sepertinya menuju ke arah tersebut. Namun bahasa Inggris lebih seperti campuran bahasa-bahasa dunia. Itulah mengapa mungkin bahasa Inggris telah bertahan selama itu ketika begitu banyak bahasa lain telah punah selama berabad-abad.
Bentuk jamak "moose" tidak akan pernah menjadi "meese". Namun hal itu tidak berarti bahwa bahasa Inggris tidak masuk akal; Anda cukup perlu memandang keluar bahasa itu sendiri untuk menemukan alasanya. Pada saat Anda mengarungi waktu untuk kembali ke abad ke-5 dan bepergian ke seluruh penjuru dunia, bahasa Inggris secara keseluruhan mungkin masih tidak masuk akal tapi setidak-tidaknya Anda akan paham darimana semua kepingan-kepingan tersebut berasal.
Anindyatrans adalah kantor jasa penerjemah tersumpah yang dapat menerjemahkan berbagai bahasa asing seperti bahasa Jerman, Belanda, Inggris, Perancis, Rusia, Spanyol, Italia, Portugis, Jepang, Korea, Mandarin, Malaysia, dll. Anda bisa menghubungi di nomor 081310304594 Anindyatrans Kantor Penerjemah Tersumpah.
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